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#948133 2008-05-22 10:47 PM
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So it was late, I couldn't sleep and I finally got around to digging out my copy of X-Factor #22, as always great. The back up is what made me raise an eyebrow, dark beast is talking to beast and mentions how if Nate Grey gave up his life by dispersing his conciousness into every living thing on earth than he can be reconstructed.

Always liked the character of Nate Grey even if I missed how he died, if they bring him back it violates the dead is dead rule but yeah like that hasn't happened a billion times, hell Jean Grey used up half of those times herself. In the end I'm curious to see if he does return.

It also reminds me of something I'm unsure of but wasn't he called a messiah at one point near the end of of his series?


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Just a heads-up...

All X-men related posts get summarily ignored or deleted. X-men suck...even Astonishing since it's always late.

You really want to someone to take you seriously and respond to a comic post...make it either:

About The Bat-Man

Complain about any book written by Johns, Bendis, Waid, Whedon, Winnick, Morrison, Ellis, painted by Ross or any crossover longer than 3 issues.


Oderint, dum metuant.


You are a god damned idiot, you know that? You ought to be smacked upside your dumb-fuck head, even after all these years. Shame on you!
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 Originally Posted By: THE Bastard
Just a heads-up...

All X-men related posts get summarily ignored or deleted. X-men suck...even Astonishing since it's always late.

You really want to someone to take you seriously and respond to a comic post...make it either:

About The Bat-Man

Complain about any book written by Johns, Bendis, Waid, Whedon, Winnick, Morrison, Ellis, painted by Ross or any crossover longer than 3 issues.


you people just sit around here and suck each other's cocks eh?

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Damn and I was considering checking out an X-title, I've been watching the cartoon again. Thanks for the warning Bastard.

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Marvel does not need any more mutants. Period. If I were in charge, I'd pretty much remove all mutants from the MU, save the first two-and-a-half classes of X-Men, and maybe two versions of the Brotherhood. So, roughly, a maximum thirty characters? And put out a ban on creating any new ones, or bringing any others back. Then, we could get back to the hunted minority theme, and the like...

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However, I did like Morrison's take on the group. He and Frank Quietly can do no wrong...

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 Originally Posted By: Prometheus
However, I did like Morrison's take on the group. He and Frank Quietly can do no wrong...


True. All-Star Superman is comic book nirvana.


That was one goddamn helluva show.

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Who the fuck is Nate Grey? One of those characters who appeared somewhere between the Claremont/Smith run and the Morrison/Quietly run (ie, the approximately 20 year period where I didn't give a shit about the X-men)?

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 Originally Posted By: the G-man
Who the fuck is Nate Grey? One of those characters who appeared somewhere between the Claremont/Smith run and the Morrison/Quietly run (ie, the approximately 20 year period where I didn't give a shit about the X-men)?


The Age of Apocalypse version of Cable. Hey, you asked.


That was one goddamn helluva show.

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AoA was the bomb yo! and I liked X-man and his creepy ass sexual relationship with his mom. that was groovy too

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Are there any good X-Men stories? Preferably ones not so heavy on past continuity and crazy time travel.

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Damn...I haven't read that in at least 10 years.

Hold on...let me grab it from the basement...


Oderint, dum metuant.


You are a god damned idiot, you know that? You ought to be smacked upside your dumb-fuck head, even after all these years. Shame on you!
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UXM Annual 8? With Horde. I love that one.


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We don't need Nate Grey back. AoA was a fun storyline that should never had the post-storyline relevance it did. That said, I'm surprised at G-Man's lack of love for the Claremont/Smith run (I actually enjoy Paul Smith's work). And I also dug the Morrison/Quitely run. The X-titles are virtually unreadable these days, and that's coming from someone who started reading comics because of the X-Men.


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Tell me about it. Mike Carey, a writer I respect for his work on Lucifer, should be worth reading on X-men. Picked up an issue of Carey's work recently. I've found playing golf with dog turds more entertaining.


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 Originally Posted By: Joe Mama
I'm surprised at G-Man's lack of love for the Claremont/Smith run (I actually enjoy Paul Smith's work). And I also dug the Morrison/Quitely run. The X-titles are virtually unreadable these days, and that's coming from someone who started reading comics because of the X-Men.


No, my point was that Claremont and Smith's run was the last run I liked until the Morrison/Quietley run.

I was saying that everything in between those runs was shit and that's why I had no idea who Nate Grey was. I'd stopped reading the book years before he appeared and didn't pick it up again until years after that storyline.

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 Originally Posted By: the G-man
 Originally Posted By: Joe Mama
I'm surprised at G-Man's lack of love for the Claremont/Smith run (I actually enjoy Paul Smith's work). And I also dug the Morrison/Quitely run. The X-titles are virtually unreadable these days, and that's coming from someone who started reading comics because of the X-Men.


No, my point was that Claremont and Smith's run was the last run I liked until the Morrison/Quietley run.

I was saying that everything in between those runs was shit and that's why I had no idea who Nate Grey was. I'd stopped reading the book years before he appeared and didn't pick it up again until years after that storyline.


Ah. Gotcha.


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 Originally Posted By: First Amongst Daves
I've found (...) dog turds more entertaining.


Yeah, well.


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 Originally Posted By: Stupid Doog
AoA was the bomb yo! and I liked X-man and his creepy ass sexual relationship with his mom. that was groovy too


technically maddie wasn't his mom just a clone of his mom...
jean grey was his mom in aoa contuinity.

i agree tho... he is the best of the summers bastards... cable makes no sense.... rachel even less...

and don't even get me started on the collasal retcon fuckup that is vulcan.


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Dude, still the same genetic material. If I clone myself and stick it in my butt, that's not masturbation. That's being a homo.

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 Originally Posted By: Stupid Doog
Dude, still the same genetic material. If I clone myself and stick it in my butt, that's not masturbation. That's being a homo.


power girl and Supergirl making out? lesbianism or masterbation?
Spiderman and ben reilly? Masterbation or Homosexuality?


and why does every thing come back to your homosexual tendecies and outing yourself at these boards?

post a rainbow flag already...
starheart1976 should be very happy here with all you faggots... you all like the cock.


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 Originally Posted By: Black Machismo

power girl and Supergirl making out? lesbianism or masterbation?
Spiderman and ben reilly? Masterbation or Homosexuality?


and why does every thing come back to your homosexual tendecies and outing yourself at these boards?


I'm making a point! Stop being such a bitch!

Powergirl and Supergirl making out? AWESOME

Spiderman and Ben Reilly making out? GAY


It's not that complicated!

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 Originally Posted By: Stupid Doog
 Originally Posted By: Black Machismo

power girl and Supergirl making out? lesbianism or masterbation?
Spiderman and ben reilly? Masterbation or Homosexuality?


and why does every thing come back to your homosexual tendecies and outing yourself at these boards?


I'm making a point! Stop being such a bitch!

Powergirl and Supergirl making out? AWESOME

Spiderman and Ben Reilly making out? GAY


It's not that complicated!


how about ultimate peter parker and ultimate jessica drew making out?


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that's like incest! not so awesome!

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This touches on a potentially interesting legal and ethical biomedical issue....

Um, actually, no. It's a pretty clear cut.

The crime of incest is based almost exclusively on a blood (ie, genetic) relationship.

A clone is the same genetic material as the 'donor.' Therefore, sex with a clone of yourself, or your family member, is incest.

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Thank you to my learned friend.

I didn't get into the Age of Apolcalypse storyline - I'd quit reading X-men about a year after Chris Claremont left (the first time).

But I was a bit shitty about the damage done to Rachel because not only does it confuse the creation of a good character, it fucks up Days of Future Past.

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 Originally Posted By: First Amongst Daves
I've found (...) dog turds more entertaining.


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I've been reading xfactor. It's good stuff.







How was this? The covers look good.


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 Originally Posted By: Stupid Doog
that's like incest! not so awesome!


have you read the storyline?
Ultimate clone saga? she's Him only female Dunce.


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 Originally Posted By: the G-man
This touches on a potentially interesting legal and ethical biomedical issue....

Um, actually, no. It's a pretty clear cut.

The crime of incest is based almost exclusively on a blood (ie, genetic) relationship.

A clone is the same genetic material as the 'donor.' Therefore, sex with a clone of yourself, or your family member, is incest.



or masterbation.


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 Originally Posted By: Fartspray


don't you might give some of the lobotmy patients here wet dreams.


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I'd rather have a bottle in front of me than a frontal lobotomy.

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 Originally Posted By: Fartspray
I'd rather have a bottle in front of me than a frontal lobotomy.


....but then agian.. you have a penis... most of the genetle men here are castrati.

Go ahead idiots.. go look it up.... you've just been insulted in educated words.


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Well, that and they are a bunch of poopie pants.

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Captain Sammitch is gonna be upset.

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 Originally Posted By: Black Machismo
 Originally Posted By: Fartspray
I'd rather have a bottle in front of me than a frontal lobotomy.


....but then agian.. you have a penis... most of the genetle men here are castrati.

Go ahead idiots.. go look it up.... you've just been insulted in educated words.

A castrato is a male soprano, mezzo-soprano, or alto voice produced either by castration of the singer before puberty or one who, because of an endocrinological condition, never reaches sexual maturity.Castration before puberty (or in its early stages) prevents a boy's larynx from being transformed by the normal physiological events of puberty. As a result, the vocal range of prepubescence (shared by both sexes) is largely retained, and the voice develops into adulthood in a unique way. As the castrato's body grew, his lack of testosterone meant that his epiphyses (bone-joints) did not harden in the normal manner. Thus the limbs of the castrati often grew unusually long, as did the bones of their ribs. This, combined with intensive training, gave them unrivalled lung-power and breath capacity. Operating through small, child-sized vocal cords, their voices were also extraordinarily flexible, and quite different from the equivalent adult female voice, as well as higher vocal ranges of the uncastrated adult male (see soprano, mezzo-soprano, alto, sopranist, countertenor and contralto). Listening to the only surviving recordings of a castrato (see below), one can hear that the lower part of the voice sounds like a "super-high" tenor, with a more falsetto-like upper register above that.Castrati were rarely referred to as such: in the eighteenth century, the term musico (pl musici) was much more generally used, though it usually carried derogatory implications[1]; another synonym was evirato (literally meaning "emasculated").Castration as a means of subjugation, enslavement or other punishment has a very long pedigree, dating back to ancient Sumeria (see also Eunuch). In a Western context, eunuch singers are known to have existed from the early Byzantine Empire. In Constantinople around 400 AD the empress Aelia Eudoxia had a eunuch choir-master, Brison, who may have established the use of castrati in Byzantine choirs, though whether Brison himself was a singer, and whether he had colleagues who were eunuch singers, is not certain. By the ninth century, eunuch singers were well-known (not least in the choir of Hagia Sophia), and remained so until the sack of Constantinople by the Western forces of the Fourth Crusade in 1204. Their fate from then until their reappearance in Italy more than three hundred years later is by no means clear, though it seems likely that the Spanish tradition of soprano falsettists may have "hidden" castrati (it should be remembered that much of Spain was under Arab domination at various times during the Middle Ages, and that eunuch harem-keepers and the like, almost always taken from conquered populations, were a commonplace of that society: by sheer statistics, some of them are likely to havCastrati, many of them having Spanish names, first appeared in Italy in the mid-sixteenth century, though at first the terms describing them were not always clear. The phrase Soprano maschio (male soprano), which could also mean falsettist, occurs in the Due Dialoghi della Musica of Luigi Dentini, an Oratorian priest, published in Rome in 1553. On 9 November 1555 Cardinal Ippolito II d'Este (famed as the builder of the Villa d'Este at Tivoli), wrote to Guglielmo Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua (1538-1587), that he has heard that His Grace is interested in his cantoretti, and offering to send him two, so that he could choose one for his own service. This is a rare term, but probably does equate to castrato.[2] The Cardinal's brother, Alfonso II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara, was another early enthusiast, enquiring about castrati in 1556. There were certainly castrati in the Sistine Chapel choir in 1558, although not described as such: on 27 April of that year, Hernando Bustamante, a Spaniard from Palencia, was admitted (the first castrati so termed who joined the Sistine choir were Pietro Paolo Folignato and Girolamo Rossini, admitted in 1599).[3] Surprisingly, considering the later French distaste for castrati they certainly existed in France at this time also, being known of in Paris, Orléans, Picardy and Normandy, though they were not abundant, the King of France himself having difficulty in obtaining them.[4] By 1574 there were castrati in the Imperial court chapel at Munich, where the Kapellmeister (music director) was Orlando di Lasso. In 1589, by the bull Cum pro nostri temporali munere, Pope Sixtus V re-organised the choir of St Peter's, Rome specifically to include castrati. Thus the castrati came to supplant both boys (whose voices broke after only a few years) and falsettists (whose voices were weaker and less reliable) from the top line in such choirs. Women were banned by the Pauline dictum mulieres in ecclesiis taceant ("let women keep silent in church"; see I Corinthians, ch 14, v 34).e been singers).Castrati had parts in the earliest operas: in the first performance of Monteverdi's Orfeo (1607) they played subsidiary roles, including that of Euridice. By 1680, however, they had supplanted "normal" male voices in lead roles, and retained their hegemony as primo uomo for about a hundred years; an opera not featuring at least one renowned castrato in a lead part would be doomed to fail. Because of the popularity of Italian opera throughout 18th-century Europe (except France), singers such as Ferri, Farinelli, Senesino and Pacchierotti became the first operatic superstars, earning enormous fees and hysterical public adulation. The strictly hierarchical organisation of opera seria favoured their high voices as symbols of heroic virtue, though they were frequently mocked for their strange appearance and bad acting.a caricature of Farinelli in a female role, by Pier Leone Ghezzi 1724The strongest objection against castrati in Europe of the last few centuries was based on the means by which the preparation of future singers frequently lead to their premature deaths. To prevent the child from experiencing the intense pain of castration, many were inadvertently administered lethal doses of opium or something similar.Writing of an earlier time, the music historian Charles Burney was sent from pillar to post in search of places where the operation was carried out: "I enquired throughout Italy at what place boys were chiefly qualified for singing by castration, but could get no certain intelligence. I was told at Milan that it was at Venice; at Venice that it was at Bologna; but at Bologna the fact was denied, and I was referred to Florence; from Florence to Rome, and from Rome I was sent to Naples... it is said that there are shops in Naples with this inscription: 'QUI SI CASTRANO RAGAZZI' ("Here boys are castrated"); but I was utterly unable to see or hear of any such shops during my residence in that city."The training of the boys was rigorous. The regime of one singing school in Rome (c. 1700) consisted of one hour of singing difficult and awkward pieces, one hour practising trills, one hour practising ornamented passaggi, one hour of singing exercises in their teacher's presence and in front of a mirror so as to avoid unnecessary movement of the body or facial grimaces, and one hour of literary study; all this, moreover, before lunch. After, half-an-hour would be devoted to musical theory, another to writing counterpoint, an hour copying down the same from dictation, and another hour of literary study. During the remainder of the day, the young castrati had to find time to practice their harpsichord playing, and to compose vocal music, either sacred or secular depending on their inclination.[6] This demanding schedule meant that, if sufficiently talented, they were able to make a debut in their mid-teens with a perfect technique and a voice of a flexibility and power no woman or ordinary male singer could match.the castrato Carlo Scalzi, by Joseph Flipart c 1737In the 1720s and 1730s, at the height of the craze for these artificially-preserved voices, it has been estimated that upwards of 4000 boys were castrated annually in the service of art.Many came from poor homes, and were more or less sold by their parents to the church or to a singing-master, in the hope that their child might be successful and lift them from their lowly status in society (this was the case with Senesino). There are, though, records of some young boys asking to be operated on to preserve their voices (e.g. Caffarelli, who was from a wealthy family: his grandmother gave him the income from two vineyards to pay for his studies). Caffarelli was also typical of many castrati in being famous for tantrums on and off-stage, and for amorous adventures with noble ladies. Some, as described by Casanova, preferred gentlemen (noble or otherwise).[8] Modern endocrinology would suggest that the castrati's much-vaunted sexual prowess was more the stuff of legend than reality. Not all castrated boys had successful careers on the operatic stage; the better "also-rans" sang in cathedral or church choirs, while some, trained as they were in acting, may have turned to the theatre, or perhaps even prostitution.


Some famous castrati
Antonio Bernacchi (1685 - 1756)
Francesco Bernardi (Senesino) (1686 - 1758)
Carlo Broschi (Farinelli) (1705 - 1782)
Girolamo Crescentini (1762 - 1848)
Baldassare Ferri (1610 - 1680)
Gaetano Guadagni (1725 - 1792)
Gaetano Majorano (Caffarelli) (1710 - 1783)
Giovanni Manzuoli (1720 - 1782)
Luigi Marchesi (1754 - 1829)
Alessandro Moreschi (1858 - 1922)
Domenico Mustafà (1829 - 1912)
Gasparo Pacchierotti (1740 - 1821)
Domenico Salvatori (1855 - 1909)
Giovanni Velluti (1781 - 1861)
Decline
By the late eighteenth century, changes in operatic taste and social attitudes spelled the end for castrati. They lingered on past the end of the ancien régime (which their style of opera parallels), and two of their number, Pacchierotti and Crescentini, even entranced the iconoclastic Napoleon. The last great operatic castrato was Giovanni Battista Velluti (1781-1861), who performed the last operatic castrato role ever written: Armando in Il Crociato in Egitto by Meyerbeer (Venice, 1824). Soon after this they were replaced definitively as the first men of the operatic stage by the new breed of heroic tenor as incarnated by the Frenchman Gilbert-Louis Duprez, the earliest "king of the high Cs", whose successors are singers like Caruso, Franco Corelli, and Luciano Pavarotti.

After the reunification of Italy in 1870, castration for musical purposes was made officially illegal (the new Italian state had adopted a French legal code which expressly forbade the practice). In 1878, Pope Leo XIII prohibited the hiring of new castrati by the church: only in the Sistine Chapel and in other papal basilicas in Rome did a few castrati linger. A group photo of the Sistine Choir taken in 1898 shows that by then only six remained (plus the Direttore Perpetuo, the fine soprano castrato Domenico Mustafà), and in 1902 a ruling was extracted from Pope Leo that no further castrati should be admitted. The official end to the castrati came on St. Cecilia's Day, 22 November 1903, when the new pope, Pius X, issued his motu proprio, Tra le Sollecitudini ('Amongst the Cares'), which contained this instruction: "Whenever . . . it is desirable to employ the high voices of sopranos and contraltos, these parts must be taken by boys, according to the most ancient usage of the Church." The last Sistine castrato to survive was Alessandro Moreschi, the only castrato to have made recordings. On Moreschi, critical opinion varies between those who think him mediocre and only interesting as an historical record of the castrato voice, and others who regard him as a fine singer, judged on the practice and taste of his own time. He retired officially in March 1913, and died in 1922.

The Catholic Church's involvement in the castrato phenomenon has long been controversial, and there have recently been calls for it to issue an official apology for its role. As long ago as 1748, Pope Benedict XIV tried to ban castrati from churches, but such was their popularity at the time that he realised that doing so might result in a drastic decline in church attendance.

There have also long been rumours of another castrato sequestered in the Vatican for the personal delectation of the Pontiff until as recently as 1959, but these have been definitively shown to be false. The singer in question was a pupil of Moreschi's, Domenico Mancini, such a skillful imitator of his teacher's voice that even Lorenzo Perosi, Direttore Perpetuo of the Sistine Choir from 1898 to 1956 and a lifelong opponent of castrati, thought he was a castrato. Mancini was in fact a moderately skilful falsettist and professional double-bass player.

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Doog the MIGHTY
10000+ posts
Doog the MIGHTY
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Joined: May 2003
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Likes: 28
 Originally Posted By: Black Machismo
 Originally Posted By: Stupid Doog
that's like incest! not so awesome!


have you read the storyline?
Ultimate clone saga? she's Him only female Dunce.


no shit black cockismo!

in-FUCKING-cest!

Joined: May 2008
Posts: 1,625
Sikkbones
1500+ posts
Sikkbones
1500+ posts
Joined: May 2008
Posts: 1,625
 Originally Posted By: Lothar of The Hill People
 Originally Posted By: Black Machismo
 Originally Posted By: Fartspray
I'd rather have a bottle in front of me than a frontal lobotomy.


....but then agian.. you have a penis... most of the genetle men here are castrati.

Go ahead idiots.. go look it up.... you've just been insulted in educated words.

A castrato is a male soprano, mezzo-soprano, or alto voice produced either by castration of the singer before puberty or one who, because of an endocrinological condition, never reaches sexual maturity.Castration before puberty (or in its early stages) prevents a boy's larynx from being transformed by the normal physiological events of puberty. As a result, the vocal range of prepubescence (shared by both sexes) is largely retained, and the voice develops into adulthood in a unique way. As the castrato's body grew, his lack of testosterone meant that his epiphyses (bone-joints) did not harden in the normal manner. Thus the limbs of the castrati often grew unusually long, as did the bones of their ribs. This, combined with intensive training, gave them unrivalled lung-power and breath capacity. Operating through small, child-sized vocal cords, their voices were also extraordinarily flexible, and quite different from the equivalent adult female voice, as well as higher vocal ranges of the uncastrated adult male (see soprano, mezzo-soprano, alto, sopranist, countertenor and contralto). Listening to the only surviving recordings of a castrato (see below), one can hear that the lower part of the voice sounds like a "super-high" tenor, with a more falsetto-like upper register above that.Castrati were rarely referred to as such: in the eighteenth century, the term musico (pl musici) was much more generally used, though it usually carried derogatory implications[1]; another synonym was evirato (literally meaning "emasculated").Castration as a means of subjugation, enslavement or other punishment has a very long pedigree, dating back to ancient Sumeria (see also Eunuch). In a Western context, eunuch singers are known to have existed from the early Byzantine Empire. In Constantinople around 400 AD the empress Aelia Eudoxia had a eunuch choir-master, Brison, who may have established the use of castrati in Byzantine choirs, though whether Brison himself was a singer, and whether he had colleagues who were eunuch singers, is not certain. By the ninth century, eunuch singers were well-known (not least in the choir of Hagia Sophia), and remained so until the sack of Constantinople by the Western forces of the Fourth Crusade in 1204. Their fate from then until their reappearance in Italy more than three hundred years later is by no means clear, though it seems likely that the Spanish tradition of soprano falsettists may have "hidden" castrati (it should be remembered that much of Spain was under Arab domination at various times during the Middle Ages, and that eunuch harem-keepers and the like, almost always taken from conquered populations, were a commonplace of that society: by sheer statistics, some of them are likely to havCastrati, many of them having Spanish names, first appeared in Italy in the mid-sixteenth century, though at first the terms describing them were not always clear. The phrase Soprano maschio (male soprano), which could also mean falsettist, occurs in the Due Dialoghi della Musica of Luigi Dentini, an Oratorian priest, published in Rome in 1553. On 9 November 1555 Cardinal Ippolito II d'Este (famed as the builder of the Villa d'Este at Tivoli), wrote to Guglielmo Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua (1538-1587), that he has heard that His Grace is interested in his cantoretti, and offering to send him two, so that he could choose one for his own service. This is a rare term, but probably does equate to castrato.[2] The Cardinal's brother, Alfonso II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara, was another early enthusiast, enquiring about castrati in 1556. There were certainly castrati in the Sistine Chapel choir in 1558, although not described as such: on 27 April of that year, Hernando Bustamante, a Spaniard from Palencia, was admitted (the first castrati so termed who joined the Sistine choir were Pietro Paolo Folignato and Girolamo Rossini, admitted in 1599).[3] Surprisingly, considering the later French distaste for castrati they certainly existed in France at this time also, being known of in Paris, Orléans, Picardy and Normandy, though they were not abundant, the King of France himself having difficulty in obtaining them.[4] By 1574 there were castrati in the Imperial court chapel at Munich, where the Kapellmeister (music director) was Orlando di Lasso. In 1589, by the bull Cum pro nostri temporali munere, Pope Sixtus V re-organised the choir of St Peter's, Rome specifically to include castrati. Thus the castrati came to supplant both boys (whose voices broke after only a few years) and falsettists (whose voices were weaker and less reliable) from the top line in such choirs. Women were banned by the Pauline dictum mulieres in ecclesiis taceant ("let women keep silent in church"; see I Corinthians, ch 14, v 34).e been singers).Castrati had parts in the earliest operas: in the first performance of Monteverdi's Orfeo (1607) they played subsidiary roles, including that of Euridice. By 1680, however, they had supplanted "normal" male voices in lead roles, and retained their hegemony as primo uomo for about a hundred years; an opera not featuring at least one renowned castrato in a lead part would be doomed to fail. Because of the popularity of Italian opera throughout 18th-century Europe (except France), singers such as Ferri, Farinelli, Senesino and Pacchierotti became the first operatic superstars, earning enormous fees and hysterical public adulation. The strictly hierarchical organisation of opera seria favoured their high voices as symbols of heroic virtue, though they were frequently mocked for their strange appearance and bad acting.a caricature of Farinelli in a female role, by Pier Leone Ghezzi 1724The strongest objection against castrati in Europe of the last few centuries was based on the means by which the preparation of future singers frequently lead to their premature deaths. To prevent the child from experiencing the intense pain of castration, many were inadvertently administered lethal doses of opium or something similar.Writing of an earlier time, the music historian Charles Burney was sent from pillar to post in search of places where the operation was carried out: "I enquired throughout Italy at what place boys were chiefly qualified for singing by castration, but could get no certain intelligence. I was told at Milan that it was at Venice; at Venice that it was at Bologna; but at Bologna the fact was denied, and I was referred to Florence; from Florence to Rome, and from Rome I was sent to Naples... it is said that there are shops in Naples with this inscription: 'QUI SI CASTRANO RAGAZZI' ("Here boys are castrated"); but I was utterly unable to see or hear of any such shops during my residence in that city."The training of the boys was rigorous. The regime of one singing school in Rome (c. 1700) consisted of one hour of singing difficult and awkward pieces, one hour practising trills, one hour practising ornamented passaggi, one hour of singing exercises in their teacher's presence and in front of a mirror so as to avoid unnecessary movement of the body or facial grimaces, and one hour of literary study; all this, moreover, before lunch. After, half-an-hour would be devoted to musical theory, another to writing counterpoint, an hour copying down the same from dictation, and another hour of literary study. During the remainder of the day, the young castrati had to find time to practice their harpsichord playing, and to compose vocal music, either sacred or secular depending on their inclination.[6] This demanding schedule meant that, if sufficiently talented, they were able to make a debut in their mid-teens with a perfect technique and a voice of a flexibility and power no woman or ordinary male singer could match.the castrato Carlo Scalzi, by Joseph Flipart c 1737In the 1720s and 1730s, at the height of the craze for these artificially-preserved voices, it has been estimated that upwards of 4000 boys were castrated annually in the service of art.Many came from poor homes, and were more or less sold by their parents to the church or to a singing-master, in the hope that their child might be successful and lift them from their lowly status in society (this was the case with Senesino). There are, though, records of some young boys asking to be operated on to preserve their voices (e.g. Caffarelli, who was from a wealthy family: his grandmother gave him the income from two vineyards to pay for his studies). Caffarelli was also typical of many castrati in being famous for tantrums on and off-stage, and for amorous adventures with noble ladies. Some, as described by Casanova, preferred gentlemen (noble or otherwise).[8] Modern endocrinology would suggest that the castrati's much-vaunted sexual prowess was more the stuff of legend than reality. Not all castrated boys had successful careers on the operatic stage; the better "also-rans" sang in cathedral or church choirs, while some, trained as they were in acting, may have turned to the theatre, or perhaps even prostitution.


Some famous castrati
Antonio Bernacchi (1685 - 1756)
Francesco Bernardi (Senesino) (1686 - 1758)
Carlo Broschi (Farinelli) (1705 - 1782)
Girolamo Crescentini (1762 - 1848)
Baldassare Ferri (1610 - 1680)
Gaetano Guadagni (1725 - 1792)
Gaetano Majorano (Caffarelli) (1710 - 1783)
Giovanni Manzuoli (1720 - 1782)
Luigi Marchesi (1754 - 1829)
Alessandro Moreschi (1858 - 1922)
Domenico Mustafà (1829 - 1912)
Gasparo Pacchierotti (1740 - 1821)
Domenico Salvatori (1855 - 1909)
Giovanni Velluti (1781 - 1861)
Decline
By the late eighteenth century, changes in operatic taste and social attitudes spelled the end for castrati. They lingered on past the end of the ancien régime (which their style of opera parallels), and two of their number, Pacchierotti and Crescentini, even entranced the iconoclastic Napoleon. The last great operatic castrato was Giovanni Battista Velluti (1781-1861), who performed the last operatic castrato role ever written: Armando in Il Crociato in Egitto by Meyerbeer (Venice, 1824). Soon after this they were replaced definitively as the first men of the operatic stage by the new breed of heroic tenor as incarnated by the Frenchman Gilbert-Louis Duprez, the earliest "king of the high Cs", whose successors are singers like Caruso, Franco Corelli, and Luciano Pavarotti.

After the reunification of Italy in 1870, castration for musical purposes was made officially illegal (the new Italian state had adopted a French legal code which expressly forbade the practice). In 1878, Pope Leo XIII prohibited the hiring of new castrati by the church: only in the Sistine Chapel and in other papal basilicas in Rome did a few castrati linger. A group photo of the Sistine Choir taken in 1898 shows that by then only six remained (plus the Direttore Perpetuo, the fine soprano castrato Domenico Mustafà), and in 1902 a ruling was extracted from Pope Leo that no further castrati should be admitted. The official end to the castrati came on St. Cecilia's Day, 22 November 1903, when the new pope, Pius X, issued his motu proprio, Tra le Sollecitudini ('Amongst the Cares'), which contained this instruction: "Whenever . . . it is desirable to employ the high voices of sopranos and contraltos, these parts must be taken by boys, according to the most ancient usage of the Church." The last Sistine castrato to survive was Alessandro Moreschi, the only castrato to have made recordings. On Moreschi, critical opinion varies between those who think him mediocre and only interesting as an historical record of the castrato voice, and others who regard him as a fine singer, judged on the practice and taste of his own time. He retired officially in March 1913, and died in 1922.

The Catholic Church's involvement in the castrato phenomenon has long been controversial, and there have recently been calls for it to issue an official apology for its role. As long ago as 1748, Pope Benedict XIV tried to ban castrati from churches, but such was their popularity at the time that he realised that doing so might result in a drastic decline in church attendance.

There have also long been rumours of another castrato sequestered in the Vatican for the personal delectation of the Pontiff until as recently as 1959, but these have been definitively shown to be false. The singer in question was a pupil of Moreschi's, Domenico Mancini, such a skillful imitator of his teacher's voice that even Lorenzo Perosi, Direttore Perpetuo of the Sistine Choir from 1898 to 1956 and a lifelong opponent of castrati, thought he was a castrato. Mancini was in fact a moderately skilful falsettist and professional double-bass player.



thanks for stating the obvious capt. idiot.


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devil-lovin' Bat-Man
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devil-lovin' Bat-Man
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Thank goodness you didn't thank Captain Obvious, I hate that alt...


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